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Vacuum Energy Density
Posted on Tuesday, January 15, 2008 @ 22:33:34 GMT by vlad
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From BookRags.com: In 1917, just one year after the publication of his general theory of relativity, German American physicist Albert Einstein wrote a short paper titled Cosmological Considerations on the General Theory of Relativity. For the first time the universe was treated as a four-dimensional (three spatial and one temporal) manifold termed space-time. The geometry of the model universe was determined by solving the Einstein field equations, which relate the curvature of space-time to matter distribution. Modern cosmology was born. And so was the physics of the vacuum.
Einstein initially argued for a static universe and a dozen years would pass before Milton Humason and American astronomer Edwin Hubble would discover the universal expansion of the cosmos. Although Einstein's own field equations dictated that the universe could not be static, Einstein attempted to reconcile general relativity with a static universe by adding a new term to his field equations, termed the cosmological constant. Using this artificial constant, Einstein was able to model a static, matter-filled universe.
If Einstein's modified equations were applied to an empty universe, the cosmological constant essentially fills the empty universe (a vacuum) with an energy density and a (negative) pressure. And, of course, it adds to the energy density and pressure in a matter-filled universe. It is this negative vacuum pressure, in fact, that kept Einstein's model universe static.
After Hubble's work demonstrated that the universe continues to expand, Einstein determined there was no need for his ad hoc term in his field equations, and he renounced it. In doing so he also renounced the concept of the vacuum energy that it predicted. Subsequently Einstein would characterize his introduction of the cosmological constant as the greatest blunder of his. But the cosmological constant was not an absolute blunder. Half a century after Einstein's abjuration, quantum field theory tells us that there must be (or at least must have been) a large vacuum energy density.
The most current models of the fundamental forces, the Weinberg-Salam electroweak theory and quantum chromodynamics, the gauge theory of the strong interaction, are examples of spontaneously broken gauge theories (as would be any Grand Unified Theory uniting all three interactions). Models of this type predict the production, at the very high temperatures that existed in the early universe, of regions of space-time possessing very large vacuum energy densities. If the idea of spontaneous symmetry breaking is correct, there were, at a very early time in the universe's evolution, space-time regions with very large effective cosmological constants. The vacuum energy density in a region drives an enormously rapid (though quite brief) period of expansion, known as inflation. One such tiny region can, in this manner, inflate enough to become the entire observable universe known today.
Read more: http://www.bookrags.com/Vacuum_energy
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Read also: The Energetic Vacuum: Implications For Energy Research
End comment from the post above:
Reproduced here, with the permission of the author, is a paper written by Dr.
Harold E. Puthoff, a respected physicist in quantum electrodynamics (QED) and in the
relatively new field of stochastic electrodynamics (SED). This paper
originally appeared in Speculations in Science and Technology, vol. 13, no. 4,
pp. 247-257, 1990. The reader is encouraged to obtain a copy of the original
paper since the figures could not be reproduced here in ASCII.
This paper speculates, using current theories, that *net* energy MIGHT (and
only might) be extractable from the vacuum of space. Such a possibility does
not necessarily violate current thermodynamic laws since all we need to do is
to redraw our thermodynamic boundaries to include the vacuum energy of the
universe and its attributes. Dr. Puthoff is currently pursuing experimental
studies to ascertain whether or not there is tappable "excess" energy in the
vacuum (theoretical considerations cannot ascertain the answer to this although
there are several possible reasons why it could exist). Since the publication
of this paper, some preliminary experimental results by Dr. Puthoff and his
associates using a "condensed charge technology device" indicate that the
vacuum indeed has significant "excess" energy that is tappable; further work
to make sure of their results (to avoid the problems that plagued the cold
fusion controversy), and eventual publication will be done. A patent has
already been granted on this device: Patent Number 5,018,180, "Energy
Conversion Using High Charge Density..."
As an interesting aside, in my conversation with Dr. Puthoff recently, he
believed that anomalous heat generation observed in several "cold fusion"
experiments was not fusion, rather it was vacuum energy extraction (either net
energy extraction from vacuum energy "excess", or vacuum energy charging and
later extraction similar to a battery). This could explain why any anomalous
heat generation was not accompanied by a neutron and radiation signature
indicating nuclear fusion. Thus, I'm cross-posting this to the fusion energy
newsgroup for their comment.
The reader is also referred to four other related papers by Dr. Puthoff which
appeared in the literature (three appeared in Physical Review):
- "Ground State of Hydrogen as a Zero-Point-Fluctuation-Determined State",
Physical Review D, vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 3266-3269, 15 May 1987.
- "Gravity as a Zero-Point-Fluctuation Force", Physical Review A, vol. 39, no. 5,
pp. 2333-2342, 1 March 1989.
- "Source of Vacuum Electromagnetic Zero-Point Energy", Physical Review A, vol.
40, no. 9, pp. 4857-4862, 1 November 1989. See also his replies to comments in Physical
Review A, vol. 44, no. 5, page 3382 and 3385-3386, and an Erratum in Physical Review A,
vol. 41, no. 5, page 2902.
- "Everything for Nothing", New Scientist, pp. 52-55, 28 July 1990.
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Goldenuniverse2 writes: QUANTUM PHYSICS FROM A DISTANT WORLD
When (1943) Nikola Tesla passed on from his Time on Earth, he intended to brief the president of the United States, Mr. F.D. Roosevelt, during a scheduled event at the White House, on the subject of Energy:
‘ Contemporary civilized man supposes that the sum of Kinetic and Potential Energies remains always constant.
However, through the entire Universe, the sum of Kinetic, Potential and Casimir’s “ZPE” Energies remains unchanged ‘.
(refer to the collected works of Nikola Tesla and of the late Professor H, Casimir, former president of the University of Leiden and the Philips Co., Holland)
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For the last time... (Score: 1)
by Kadamose on Wednesday, January 16, 2008 @ 12:11:29 GMT
(User Info | Send a Message) | Einstein was a FRAUD. And, general relativity, from start to finish, never supports the basis for an Aether. In fact, the whole point of general relativity was to remove the concept of the Aether from mainstream academia - and succeeded.
Nikola Tesla, on the other hand, had discovered the source of gravity, as well as almost everything related to electrical phenomenon. He wrote a book entitiled 'the Dynamic Theory of Gravity' which entails basically everything there is to know about this presently unknown force - unfortunately, it was never published (for obvious reasons) and was among the items confiscated upon his death, by the FBI, in 1943.
Nikola Tesla single-handledly brought in the 20th century - all by himself. And he is the one who deserves ALL of the credit for our technological advancement in all areas. But considering we live in a world where the Zionist Jews control everything, and want to take credit for everything, Tesla was denounced as a crackpot and was removed from the historical record.
Einstein was a Jew, by the way - and Nikola Tesla is quoted as saying, "Never trust a jew". How right he was.
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