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Electron spin and orbits in carbon nanotubes are coupled
Posted on Saturday, March 29, 2008 @ 23:24:45 UTC by vlad
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 In a carbon nanotube, electrons can orbit around the tube either clockwise or counterclockwise. Conventional wisdom has been that the spin property of the electron would be the same either way, but Cornell research has shown otherwise. Credit: Cornell University
Researchers hoping to use carbon nanotubes for quantum computing -- in which the spin of a single electron would represent a bit of data -- may have to change their approaches, according to new Cornell research.
Cornell physicists have found
that the spin of an electron in a carbon nanotube is coupled -- that
is, interacts with -- the electron's orbit. The finding means
researchers will have to change the way they read out or change spin,
but offers a new way to manipulate the spin, by manipulating the orbit.
At
left, the expected result when a magnetic field is applied to a single
electron orbiting a carbon nanotube. At right, the result of Cornell
experiments shows a difference at zero field, indicating the states are
not symmetrical as previously believed. The research is reported in the March 27 issue of the journal Nature
by Cornell professors of physics Paul McEuen and Daniel Ralph and
former Cornell researchers Shahal Ilani, now at the Weizmann Institute
of Science in Israel, and Ferdinand Kuemmeth, now at Harvard
University.
Carbon nanotubes are tiny cylinders whose walls are made of carbon
atoms arranged in connected hexagons, sort of like a rolled up tube of
chicken wire. Rather than orbiting individual atoms, free electrons in
a nanotube orbit around the circumference of the tube. Meanwhile, the
electron going around that circle can have its spin oriented in two
possible directions. Until now, physicists believed that the four
possible states of an electron -- with spin up or down and orbit
clockwise or counterclockwise -- must be perfectly equivalent.
To test this, the researchers
used the Cornell NanoScale Science and Technology Facility (CNF) to
create a tiny device in which a carbon nanotube about 5 nanometers (nm
-- a nanometer is a billionth of a meter, about the length of three
atoms in a row) in diameter and 500 nm long was mounted between two
electrodes above a silicon structure that allows the application of
varying electrical charges to the tube. The design of the device made
it possible to create quantum dots containing a small number of
electrons, all the way down to a single electron.
By applying a magnetic field along the axis of the tube and
measuring the current flow through the tube, the researchers could
determine the energy levels of electrons in the four possible
combinations of spin and orbit and found that changing the direction of
orbit changes the energy. The orbit of the electron affects its spin
and vice versa.
"This doesn't overrule using nanotubes in quantum computing, but it
defines new rules for designing them in nanotubes," Ilani said. "It is
also interesting from the fundamental physics point of view, because it
is the unique cylindrical topology of nanotubes that allows the
electrons to have well-defined orbits and therefore to have this
coupling."
The same experiment was performed with "holes" -- places where an
electron is missing, creating the equivalent of a positive charge
moving around the tube. Again, it had been believed that the energy of
a hole would be the same as that of an electron with the same spin, but
the experiment showed otherwise.
Source: Cornell University
Via: http://www.physorg.com/news125767527.html
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Researchers discover chromium's hidden magnetic talents (Score: 1)
by vlad on Wednesday, April 16, 2008 @ 22:37:10 UTC
(User Info | Send a Message) http://www.zpenergy.com | Two Dartmouth researchers have determined that the element chromium
displays electrical properties of magnets in surprising ways. This
finding can be used in the emerging field of “spintronics,” which might
someday contribute to new and more energy efficient ways of processing
and storing data.
The study, titled “Electrical effects of spin
density wave quantization and magnetic domain walls in chromium,” will
be published in the April 17 issue of the journal Nature.
Electrons have an intrinsic angular momentum, called spin, in
addition to their electrical charge. In electronics work, it is the
charge of the electron that is used for calculations and transmitting
information. In spintronics, it is the electron spin that is exploited.
“The phenomena that we have discovered are likely to lead to new
applications of chromium,” says Yeong-Ah Soh, the lead researcher on
the paper and an associate professor of physics and astronomy at
Dartmouth. She worked on the study with Ravi Kummamuru, a former
post-doctoral research associate at Dartmouth now at the University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champagne.
She goes on to explain that in essence, this indicates that a
simple and well-known element, chromium, displays different electrical
properties on heating and cooling. These differences reflect subtle
internal rearrangements of the electrons and their spins.
In ferromagnets, the kind of common magnet you might see on a
refrigerator, the spins of electrons interact with each other leading
to alignment. In antiferromagnets, however, the interactions between
neighboring electron spins are such that they are opposed. Researchers
have long studied the electrical properties of ferromagnets and the
influence of electron spin. Less attention has been paid, according to
Soh and Kummamuru, to the influence of spin on the electrical
properties in antiferromagnets, where it is more difficult to
manipulate, and chromium is special since it is the only simple element
that is an antiferromagnet.
“Antiferromagnets are used in numerous fields:
physics, materials science, and chemistry, and they are increasingly
used in technology, where they are found in the tiny heads that read
the data on computer disc drives,” says Soh. “Our research opens the
entire new field of controlled electrical effects at a
slightly-larger-than-quantum scale in antiferromagnets. The findings
show that not only ferromagnets can be used in spintronics; there is a
possibility that antiferromagnets can also be employed to manipulate
and store information.”
Source: Dartmouth College
Via: http://www.physorg.com/news127581230.html [www.physorg.com]
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