ZPEnergy.com - Site of the month: Blaze Labs Research

This website describes some new theories and ideas backed by experimental tests on physics topics which are by far incomplete in conventional science. Many questions such as what is gravity, what defines mass, what is matter and antimatter have no clear answer.

New energy Research section is devoted to new, renewable energy sources. The world currently relies heavily on coal, oil, and natural gas for its energy. Fossil fuels are nonrenewable, that is, they draw on finite resources that will eventually dwindle, becoming too expensive or too environmentally damaging to retrieve.

...We also experimentally explore the possibility of extraction of zero point energy. Extragalactic, electromagnetic waves in Planck frequency region, usually referred to by today's scientists as the vacuum fluctuations, or zero point energy, can be theoretically converted into useful work...

New Energy Research - Project Ixion
©2007 Ing.Xavier Borg

Alternative energy, Perpetual, Overunity and Free energy systems

These days we often hear about these terms, which are mostly used in so called fringe science websites and articles. Most people dismiss the contents of such information as soon as they are presented with one of the above mentioned terms. We do not usually learn much about these terms in any scientific course, nor are they mentioned in most of our textbooks, however, it is very important one knows the correct definitions for such machines, before discrediting what might be a serious article or website content that might really offer something new to our civilisation.

Alternative energy

Fossil fuels, are considered to be today's main energy source. These involve the burning of coal or hydrocarbon fuels, which are the remains of the decomposition of plants and animals. Fuel combustion heats water to create steam, which turns a turbine, which, in turn, generates electricity, waste heat, and polluting combustion gas by-products. There are three main types of fossil fuels: coal, petroleum, and natural gas. These are the main fuels used today to power our houses and automobiles.
Alternative energy systems are those systems which aim at finding other ways to source our energy needs (mainly in the electrical form), by converting mostly natural resources instead of fossil fuels. These include hydroelectric, nuclear, wind, wave, biomass, hydrogen, vegetable oil, tidal, solar, and geothermal systems. The problem with most of these systems is that in most cases, energy is not available on demand, and must be stored in order to be used when the source is inactive. Another problem relates to the technology in producing the actual energy converting devices, because some of them require more energy during their production process than all the summed up energy they convert during their whole lifetime!

Perpetual motion and overunity

Pictorial evidence of apparently perpetual machines, mainly of self rotating wheels, are found scattered across the globe in different civilizations, and date back to about 2000BC. The present definition of perpetual motion refers to a condition in which an object continues to move indefinitely without being driven by an external source of energy. In effect by its very definition, such motion requires a system which consumes and outputs at least 100% of its energy constantly, sustaining ZERO net loss as a result of the laws of thermodynamics. So, by its own definition, perpetual motion would violate either the first or second or both laws of thermodynamics and is thus considered impossible. Perpetual machines are classified in two categories, referred to as class 1 and class 2. A perpetual motion machine of the first kind produces strictly more energy than it uses, thus violating the law of conservation of energy. Over-unity devices, that is, devices with a thermodynamic efficiency greater than 100% (unity), are perpetual motion machines of this kind. A perpetual motion machine of the second kind is a machine which spontaneously converts thermal energy into mechanical work. This need not violate the law of conservation of energy, since the thermal energy may be equivalent to the work done; however it does violate the more subtle second law of thermodynamics. Note that such a machine is different from classical heat engines, which always involve a transfer of heat from a hotter reservoir to a colder one, the latter being warmed up in the process. The signature of a perpetual motion machine of the second kind is that there is only one single heat reservoir involved, which is being spontaneously cooled without involving a transfer of heat to a cooler reservoir, against the law of entropy. This conversion of heat into useful work, without any side effect, is impossible by the second law of thermodynamics.

However, not all machines that 'run forever' fall under the category of perpetual motion. We can give examples of possible ways which can move indefinitely, without breaking any of these two laws. For example, it is possible to design a machine to run on the differences in either barometric pressure, tidal, gravity or temperature shifts between night and day. Such machines have a source of energy, and even if they can do work indefinitely, that is, as long as both machine and the universe exist, they do not fall under the category of perpetual machines, and hence are theoretically possible. The problems arise, when such perpetual machines use a kind of energy which has not yet been yet identified and accepted in mainstream science, sometimes, even if there is undeniable proof of its existence. Classical examples of such systems include cold fusion, magnetic, and gravity or zero point energy converters. However, even in such cases, these cannot be categorised as perpetual systems, and do not break the first and second laws of thermodynamics. All they break is usually a paradigm, and for the same reason, we might be able to show, that the above wheel pictures may in fact not be mythical wheels, but real wheels which turn using energy residing in the vacuum, and that after all, do not violate neither the law of conservation of energy, nor the known laws of thermodynamics.

Free energy

Free energy does not mean perpetual motion, although perpetual motion does imply free energy. Free energy, are alternative energy conversion systems that tap into naturally and preferably abundant and clean sources of energy. The term 'free' does not usually refer to the cost of the system, which is usually far from being free, but to the cost of 'fuel' keeping it going. In fact, some of the existing alternative energy solutions, fall under the free energy category. These include solar, wind, tide, and geothermal, but also non-conventional ways, such as zero point energy, radiant energy, cold fusion, and magnet motors. Unless somebody can first prove that the zero point energy contains zero energy, extracting power from this vast sea of energy that surrounds us is no more impossible than extracting power from a solar cell. A free energy system, which is not a perpetual system, does not violate the second law of thermodynamics. It is simply a conversion of energy from one form of free 'fuel' into another form that is usable. It is very different from perpetual systems, which expect the creation of energy out of nothing. One has to note however, that a free energy system whose type of energy at its input is not recognised, or not easily detected, can sometimes be dismissed as a perpetual energy system.

The laws of Thermodynamics

The Zeroth Law states: If two thermodynamic systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. This law has been introduced recently in the 20th century, much later than the following three laws. It basically states that when two systems are put in contact with each other, there will be a net exchange of energy between them unless or until they are in thermal equilibrium. We know that 99% of space is made up plasma. So a particle of dust in space must continually be exchanging energy with the surrounding plasma until it is in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings. This means that the energy in the so called 'vacuum' surrounding the dust particle, must eventually have an energy level equal to mc2 where m is the mass of the dust particle and c is the speed of light. Any difference between the mass equivalent energy, and the external vacuum energy will result in radiation or absorption of energy between the two entities (particle and vacuum). A clear example of this effect is the radiation emitted by radioactive elements. The zeroth law is in fact a direct proof for the existence of the zero point energy, or extragalactic radiation that pervades all space around us.

The first law states: In any process, the total energy of the universe remains constant. It simply means that the amount of energy lost in a steady state process cannot be greater than the amount of energy gained. This is the only thermodynamic law that is NOT statistical, and thus is the only secure law of present science. In physics, this is known as the law of conservation of energy of isolated systems.

The second law states: There is no process that, operating in a cycle, produces no other effect than the subtraction of a positive amount of heat from a reservoir and the production of an equal amount of work. This means that energy systems have a tendency to increase their entropy rather than decrease it. It is known however that a microscopic system may exhibit fluctuations of entropy opposite to that dictated by the Second Law, and so, this law is only valid for macroscopic systems or long durations. Quoting Maxwell (who was also a thermodynamicist): 'The truth of the second law is a statistical, not a mathematical, truth, for it depends on the fact that the bodies we deal with consist of millions of molecules. Hence the second law of thermodynamics is continually being violated, and that to a considerable extent, in any sufficiently small group of molecules belonging to a real body.' (J. C. Maxwell, Tait's Thermodynamics II, Nature 17, 278-280 [7 February 1878]).

The third law states: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a system approaches a constant, equal to null.

It is not usually stressed enough, the fact that there is a very fundamental assumption in these laws, even in the first most 'secure' law of thermodynamics, or what we usually refer to as COE (conservation of energy). They ASSUME a closed system, and are born out of pure mathematics or statistical work, unprovable in the real world. Unprovable, because no one has yet been able to isolate a closed system. We are not even sure that the universe as a whole can be regarded as a closed system, which is a strict requirement for the conservation of energy law! In fact principles such as uncertainty, and entanglement, would seem to indicate that either it is impossible for a truly closed system to exist, or that our idea of a closed system is not taking into account other phenomena or energy exchanges which cannot be easily or possibly isolated from our systems. For example, one might consider a mechanical engine as a closed system, and finds out that it's impossible to get two similar efficiency readings. This could for example be due to changes in external ambient temperatures which were not taken into account in the first place. So, in such a case, our sun must be taken account as part of this example. But, still, we find that even at absolute zero kelvin, the ground state energy does not go to zero, and this means that other yet unknown energy sources must be taken account, or at least have their existence accepted by mainstream science, which is currently not the case. And that's why the list of anamolous effects in science is getting longer year after year.

Conservative force fields and closed loops

A conservative force is one that does zero net work on a particle that travels along any closed path in an isolated system. A conservative force field can be represented as the gradient of a potential. Gravitational forces, electric forces, and magnetic forces are known to be conservative in a time-independent (static) field. In these particular cases, ZPE is in fact being taken into account, since all these forces are simply due to zero point energy flows, so the law of conservation of energy should strictly apply. Electricity and magnetism are distinct phenomena as long as charges and current are static. The work done in any closed loop shape, by such forces is independent on the path taken by the particle or charge and is equal to zero. This simply means that if a mass, electric charge or magnetic charge travels a closed loop in a static gravitational, electric or magnetic field respectively, it can never gain energy, or do any useful work. The work done in travelling from point X to Y, is always equal and opposite to the work done in travelling from point Y back to X.
All machines work in a cycle, and so, for a particle moving under the action of a force field acting in the direction X to Y, there will be a path in the direction Y to X where the force acts against the direction of travel required to get the particle back under the positive influence of the force field. If both force field and the distance travelled by the particle in the direction of the force field are constant, then, the total work done will be zero. The situation can change, if either one of these parameters changes during the particle's way back. That is, if either the force field or the effective space-time distance travelled during its way back is different than that during its forward path, then, the total work done will have a non zero value.

Project Ixion - Development of a Free energy system

One of the predictions which identifies my EMRP gravity theory from all the rest, is that highly energetic, extragalactic, electromagnetic waves in Planck frequency region, usually referred to by today's scientists as the vacuum fluctuations, or zero point energy, can be converted into useful work. Once this free energy is accepted, this background energy has to be taken into account, and form part of the closed system being analysed. According to today's physics, the zero-point energy is the lowest possible energy that a quantum mechanical physical system may possess (at zero kelvin) and is the energy of the ground state of the system. We also learn that since zero point energy is the lowest possible energy a system can have, this energy cannot be removed from the system and no useful work can be done. In EMRP, the zero point energy is simply a reference point, whose ABSOLUTE energy level is far from zero, and that a system can be referenced to other levels below the zero point level, thus making available a continuous source of energy to be harnessed for useful work. But, as we always say, the sole validation test of any idea is experiment, and extraordinary claims demand extraordinary proof. Project Ixion will be our main experimental project for years 2007-2008, our extraordinary proof, and is aimed to show that EMRP gravity theory IS in fact the basis of the grand unification theory everybody is searching for, that opens the door to a totally new refreshing science, in which physical constants can be locally shifted from their nominal values at will, and thus, with a little ingenuity, makes clean energy converters a reality. Here are some quotes to ponder upon:

'Throughout space there is energy. Is this energy static or kinetic? If static our hopes are in vain; if kinetic and this we know it is for certain, then it is a mere question of time when men will succeed in attaching their machinery to the very wheelwork of nature.'
Nikola Tesla

'There are types of energy which lie outside the electromagnetic spectrum. Unfortunately, these research efforts have not been given recognition. For the most part, they have been performed by individuals without any support, whose work lies at the threshold of present-day science, and who are years ahead of science which is already established.'
Edgar Dean Mitchell, Ph.D, astronaut in Apollo 14 mission

'In our search for a new energy source, many of us know that the aether with its hidden energy is the only hope we have of succeeding in that quest.'
Dr. Harold Aspden

'Whenever a physical theory is revised or transformed, it is revealed that, nearly always, the observation of one or several facts which could not fit within the framework of the theory in its then current form is at the base of the changes. The facts always remain the keystone on which the stability of any theory depends, no matter how important it may be...For a theoretician really worth of the name, it may be said in passing that nothing could be more interesting than a fact which runs counter to a theory until then held to be sound; for him, the real work begins at that point.'
Max Planck - Introduction to Physics, 1941

'The principal attraction of the theory of relativity is that it constitutes a logical unity. If ANY SINGLE ONE of its consequences proves to be inexact, it must be abondoned'
Albert Einstein - How I see the World, 1939

'We cannot solve our problems with the same thinking we used when we created them'
Albert Einstein

Ixion will be a clean energy generator, presently still in its stage of development. Preliminary tests have already proven positive. We do have all experimental evidence required as a proof of concept, evidence which shows minute extraction of ZPE in the form of kinetic energy. This is no perpetual motion or overunity device, although quite a few changes in the current physics have to be made to accomodate its principle of operation, otherwise it could easily but wrongly be categorized as such. This project will cost about $20,000, and will be financed at our own expenses, as with all the rest of our projects. The operation of this engine cannot be explained using today's mainstream physics, since systems are considered as closed systems which cannot interact with the zero point energy, but can be fully and easily understood by a seven year old child, with the theories I have put forward to the public on this website. The aimed features of the final engine will be:

Fuel : Zero point energy present everywhere, mostly in vacuum

Output : From a few watts to kW

Exhaust emissions : None

Radiation emissions : None

Cooling requirements : None

Operating lifetime : Theoretically eternal, practically until something fails

Principle of operation : Vacuum energy converter by offsetting ZPE reference level

Cost per kW hour : None (not considering the initial outlay )

Too good to be true? We'll see!